Lean Principles and Applications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Lean Principles and Applications - Essay Example Principles of lean evolved in the above context. â€Å"LEAN IS†¦ A mindset, or way of thinking, with a commitment to achieve a totally waste-free operation that’s focused on your customer’s success†¦.† (Principles of Lean Thinking, 2004, p.2). Lean principles can be illustrated as follows: (Principles Of Lean, 2009) Wrap-it Company manufactures and distributes plastic wrapping machines for industrial use, selling them within the UK and the near continent. Automatic stretch wrappers, shrink wrap tunnels and straddle wrappers are some of the wrapping materials produced by Wrap-it Company. Value identification is the first step of implementing lean principles in an organization. Value identification process should â€Å"Specify value from the standpoint to the end customer by product family† (Principles Of Lean, 2009). There is no point in packing certain materials in good condition at the packing units if the packing fails during transit or while r eaching the customer. The risks involved during transit should be reduced as much as possible which is the duty of an effective plastic wrapping system. If stretch wrapping fails to contain a load during transit, sustainability gains in primary packaging are instantly wiped out. Loads get to their destination with less risk – looking better than ever – with less tweaking and hassle – with up to 30% less film – and at an overall lower net cost (lantech.com, 2012 ) It should be noted that accumulation of plastic is causing huge problems to the environment. Under such circumstances, it is the duty of Wrap-it Company to produce only environmental friendly or biodegradable plastic wrapping materials as part of value creation in the market. Current consumers are giving more importance to socially committed companies and hence environmental friendly plastic wrapping material production may definitely increase the reputation of the company in the market. In short wrap it management should think in terms of restructuring the whole operations inside the company to increase the value of the company in domestic and international market. Mapping of the value stream is the second step in implementing lean principles. Plenty of unnecessary processes and operations are going on in most of the organizations like Wrap-it Company. Processes which brought enormous value in the past would be useless at present because of the advancements in technology and changes in the business world. For example, the entry of computers brought huge changes in the organizational world. There are plenty of organizations which keep typewriters even now. Same way, many organizations have the habit of relying on less efficient manual work when more efficient machineries are available for certain jobs. It is necessary for Warp it Company to â€Å"Identify all the steps in the value stream for each product family, eliminating whenever possible those steps that do not create value† (Principles Of Lean, 2009). Creating flow is the third step in implementing lean principles. Value creation should be done in all departments simultaneously so that the end product will flow smoothly towards the customer or destination. It should be noted that plenty of departments were involved in the production and delivery of certain goods. If any of the departments involved in the production and delivery system fails to operate properly, value created at the top level may not flow properly towards the bottom level. Imagine a company is producing high quality goods. If these products

Security Management in Maritime Organisations Case Study

Security Management in Maritime Organisations - Case Study Example TT Club aims at providing practical security measures which are limited to particular countries while the objective of the ISPS code is to establish an international maritime security framework. With the mutual coordination of contracting and local governments of shipping port facilities, the ISPS Code provides a complete theoretical solution to maritime possible threats and risks. One of the main reasons for comparing the TT Club manual with the ISPS code is to determine the extent to which the implementation of International Convention for the safety of Life at Sea adopted on December 12, 2002 made possible and followed. Other reasons to follow the ISPS Code are to list out all those possible threats which have never been considered before. The Club is a maritime Insurance company which provides all kinds of transport insurance to 80 countries of the world while the ISPS code targets all the shipping ports throughout the globe. TT Club provides pro-active determination of loss at some cost to its business members, but is limited to 80 countries. Another reason for comparing both the manuals is that the ISPS code is applied to all passenger and cargo ships (3.1) and one cannot ignore the fact that TT Club as an Insurance company is limited to provide maritime Insurance. Therefore it is obvious that TT Club would not take into account the hidden real world pro blems. Let us begin with the functional requirements of both the manuals. The TT Club manual is published with a view of preventing loss at the utmost. Moreover it serves as 'loss prevention guide'. The best evidence for calling it as 'loss prevention guide' is that it avoids security threats by avoiding computerised systems at the utmost. On the other hand, the ISPS Code is all about security of ships and ports and presents all techniques of preventing threats and risks and follows the functional requirements of the port (1.3). Ship Security Plan (SSP) containing Audits According to the ISPS Code 16.58, it is the responsibility of the SSP to conduct regular or updated audit reviews with the help of Company Security Officer (CSO) and Ship Security Officers (SSO) whereas the TT Club Manual suggests that Audit surveys are not limited to the responsibility of any particular person. However the main concern for both the manuals behind conducting audits i.e., ISPS code and TT Club Manual is to assess security at all levels to determine vulnerable access points. According to Security Level 1 of Section 7 of the Ship Security which sets appropriate controlling, monitoring and supervising access to different areas of the ship including deck, cargo and ship's stores, TT Club manual takes hold and observes all access points of the ship. These include all kinds of used and unused gates, access to the port facilities, and physical and logical security threats. Security Levels of the ISPS Code The security levels are set by priorities of their associated risks. Like level 1 is the normal level which is usually followed by the ships and ports. Security level 2 is applied in a condition which in addition to the threat exposure is experiencing a critical risk. Therefore the level is applied as long as the risk is there. Similarly level 3 entail exceptional threats, which usually do not occur in

Michael Jackson Essay Example for Free

Michael Jackson Essay The king of Pop is the person who made me look at the world with different eyes. Michael was the embodiment of goodness, innocence and purity, he gave everything he had. A sentimental man, childish and loving as you can not meet everywhere. He had curly black hair and in his dark eyes you could read the fear of being himself. He created his own style of clothing, unique, always in fashion. He was and he will always be the best singer and dancer who will ever exist. He also had many hobbies: he liked to read, to watch movies, to paint. He wanted to become a stage director, but his life was too busy. He lived at Neverland, he named the property after a magic island of the story of Peter Pan, a boy who never grows up. Michaels home contained an amusement park, a floral clock, numerous statues, a cinema and a zoo. The amusement park included a Ferris wheel, Carousel, Octopus, Pirate Ship, Wave Swinger, Super Slide, Dragon wagon, Roller Coaster. Over the years Michael has done a lot of good things, he donated money to humanitarian associations and all he got in return were insults from people who believed all the stupidities from the media. The bad things he made were that: he let himself trampled by people and he had trusted the people around him who manipulated him. Michael suffered a lot, because he was lonely and misunderstood. He loved very much children, in their presence he felt good, happy because in his soul he was still a child. I admire Michael for his boundless love, through his music he tried to convince people that they should make a change and we must save the planet together. He became one of the greatest artists of all time. Therefore I can say that I love him and I will always dance his songs with a smile.

ESSAY ON 3 WAR POEMS -- English Literature

ESSAY ON 3 WAR POEMS No man wants to go to war and no government wants war but there are many different circumstances that lead to the action of war. Those involved in war will have political and personal views towards it. The First World War was greeted with great enthusiasm and patriotism; however it was the war in which millions died compared to the wars after. In the past 200 years warfare has changed and with this change the ideas on war have changed too. Wilfred Owen, Rudyard Kipling and David Roberts are well known war poets. Using a selection of their poems we hope to analyze the two conflicting views on war. To understand what influenced the poets we need to get an idea of their social and historical background. The poet Rudyard Kipling was an ex army official so his poems on war can be trusted. However during Kipling’s war days war was not fully mechanized so Kipling cannot really describe the horror of WW1. In his poem ‘For All We Have and Are’ Rudyard Kipling uses words and phrases like â€Å"For all our children’s fate† to emphasize the need for war, Saying if you are not going to fight for yourself than fight for your children. He than justifies going to war by saying â€Å"a crazed and driven foe†. I think by this he means that our foe is mentally disturbed we have to stop him for his own and others benefit. He than says â€Å"The Hun is at the gate† Meaning that the Germans are coming. If we don’t go out and meet them they will attack us. He also curses the Germans by calling them Huns. The Huns were originally an ancient tribe who ravaged and plundered every where they went. By calling the Germans, Huns Rudyard Kipling suggests that they are the same and present a danger to all so we hav... ... the stupidity of the war and uses sarcastic phrases such as ‘It must take guts to drop those bombs on defenceless people who had no chance’ to emphasize the unfairness of the war. Roberts also says ‘Your boys didn’t have to maim and kill or break the hearts of other mothers’ by this statement I think he means that I know your depressed about the loss of your sons but think of the other mothers whose hearts your sons broke by killing people who like them were just following orders. In this poem I feel David Roberts challenges the government’s decision to go to war against Iraq by calling this war the ‘shamefullest of wars’ and by highlighting the depression and death it has already caused. If you look at the differences between the 3 poems described you will find that as time want on and war got uglier you started hearing more of the truth about war.

HSM Personal Leadership Plan Essay

Trinity Services, Inc. is where I am currently employed, as an independent living counselor (ILC), in an adult learning program. Trinity Services, Inc. is an established, community based, not for profit, non-sectarian human services organization that provides an array of quality services and supports for people who have developmental disabilities. The mission statement of Trinity Services, Inc. s, â€Å"Trinity strives to be a leader in providing the highest quality, socially responsible and cost effective services and supports to persons with disabilities, so that they might achieve their full potential and have the opportunity to live full and abundant lives. † As an ILC in an adult learning program, I work on teaching and training of life skills. I also provide individualized assistance and coaching with personal care, activities of daily living, transportation, and other areas of need. At Trinity Services, Inc. the preferred and minimum qualifications to gain employment as an ILC are a high school diploma or GED. I truly enjoy my job and find it to be extremely rewarding but I would really love to have the ability to help the clients even more by obtaining a leadership position at Trinity Services, Inc. such as a program coordinator or case manager; two job positions that require a Bachelor’s degree that relates to the human services management field. It is my current job and the people I serve that have inspired me to go back to school and get my degree. Obtaining a leadership position in a human services organization means that I will have the ability to be a better advocate for the clients I assist but along with that comes more responsibility which is why ethics, morals, and, values are so important in the field of human services. As a leader in a human services organization the moral responsibilities I would have include â€Å"upholding the law, fulfilling the legitimate duties of my position, observing relevant codes of ethics and otherwise abiding by generally held moral principles such as honesty and not knowingly doing harm† (Teehankee, 2007, para. 3). Leaders of human services organizations operate in a variety of ways and perform many different roles. For example, these leaders have responsibilities to the clients, community and society, colleagues, and also to their profession and employers (â€Å"National Organization for Human Services†, n. ). The National Organization for Human Services (n. d) website has two sections pertaining to ethical standards for human service professionals. The first section covers standards for human service professionals while the second section covers standards for human service educators. These ethical guidelines were designed so that human service leaders and educators could use it to assist them in making ethical decisions when faced with difficult ethical dilemmas. Practicing ethical leadership is important because it sets a good example for the organization and the community, builds trust, brings credibility and respect to the leader as well as the organization, leads to collaboration, and creates a good climate within the organization (Rabinowitz, 2013). My moral vision as a leader in a human services organization is to carry out Trinity Services, Inc. mission statement, and utilize the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) (2013) code of ethics and the National Organization of Human Services (NOHS) (n. ) ethical standards for human service professionals to the best of my abilities in order to guide me as an ethical human service leader. Although I don’t believe it will always be possible to specifically use these as guidelines since every situation is different and poses different challenges, however I do believe that as long as I have a good understanding of ethics and what ethical leadership means then I will be able to make the most ethical decisions no matter what obstacles I encounter. For me, it would be a dream come true to see each and every person who has developmental disabilities live in a safe environment where they are respected, treated fairly and are free from abuse and neglect. They are human beings who have rights and should be able to make choices, have friends, and participate in the community without experiencing discrimination of any kind. I hope to make my dream become a reality for people who have developmental disabilities and I believe as a leader in a human services organization I will have the tools to make that happen. There are many different ways that leadership can affect the overall performance of a human services organization and I believe it is important to be an ethical leader to improve performance. Placing the well-being of clients above all other issues is a significant moral responsibility of an ethical leader.

Radioactive Dating

Dating techniques are procedures used by scientists to determine the age of a specimen. 2 types of Dating: *Relative Dating *Absolute Dating Relative Dating -methods tell only if one sample is older or younger than another sample. -They do not provide an age in years. Stratigraphy -Main Relative Dating Method -is the study of layers of rocks or the objects embedded within those layers. -based on the assumption that deeper layers were deposited earlier, and thus are older than more shallow layers. Seriation is the ordering of objects according to their age.James Ford – used seriation to determine the chronological order of American Indian pottery styles in the Mississippi Valley. Absolute dating * any method of measuring the age of an event or object in years. * To determine the absolute ages of fossils and rocks, * scientists analyze isotopes of radioactive elements. Isotopes * atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. * Most isotopes are stable, meaning that they stay in their original form. * Other isotopes are unstable. * Scientists call unstable isotopes radioactive.Radioactive decay * Radioactive isotopes tend to break down into stable isotopes of the same or other elements. * Refers to the process in which a radioactive form of an element is converted into a decay product at a regular rate. – This dating is not a single method of absolute dating but instead a group of related methods for absolute dating of samples. * Because radioactive decay occurs at a steady rate, * Scientists can use the relative amounts of stable and unstable isotopes present in an object to determine the object’s age. Dating Rocks — How Does It Work? In radioactive decay, an unstable radioactive isotope of one element breaks down into a stable isotope.* The stable isotope may be of the same element or of a different element. Parent isotope * The unstable radioactive isotope. Daughter isotope * The st able isotope produced by the radioactive decay of the parent isotope. * The rate of radioactive decay is constant so scientists can compare the amount of parent material with the amount of daughter material to date rock. The more daughter material there is the older the rock is. Absolute Dating Methods Cation-Ratio Dating – used to date rock surfaces such as stone artifacts and cliff and ground drawings.-this technique can only be applied to rocks from desert areas, where the varnish is most stable. *Thermoluminescence Dating – very useful for determining the age of pottery. Has the advantage of covering the time interval between radiocarbon and pottasium-argon dating or 40,000,000 years. *Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) – very similar to thermoluminescence dating, both of which are considered â€Å"clock setting†. * This technique can be used to determine the age of unheated sediments les than 500,000 years old. a disadvantage to this technique i s that in order to get accurate results, the sediment to be tested cannot be exposed to light, making sampling difficult. Radiometric Dating Determining the absolute age of a sample, based on the ratio of parent material to daughter material. If you know the rate of decay for a radioactive element in a rock you can figure out the absolute age of the rock. Half-life * the time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay.After every half-life, the amount of parent material decrease by one-half. Types of Radiometric Dating Scientists use different radiometric-dating methods based on the estimated age of an object. * There are four radiometric-dating techniques. 1. Potassium-Argon Method * Potassium-40 has a half-life of 1. 3 billion years, and it decays leaving a daughter material of argon. * This method is used mainly to date rocks older than 100,000 years. * Relies on the fact that when volcanic rocks are heated to extremely high temperatures, they release any argon trapped in them. 2. Uranium-Lead Method * Uranium-238 is a radioactive isotope with a half-life of 4. 5 billion years.Uranium-238 decays in a series of steps to lead-206. * The uranium-lead method can be used to date rocks more than 10 million years old. 2 types of Uranium-Lead Dating *Daughter deficiency methods *Daughter excess methods * In daughter deficiency situations, the parent radioisotope is initially deposited by itself, without its daughter (the isotope into which it decays) present. * In the case of daughter excess, a larger amount of the daughter is initially deposited than the parent. 3. Rubidium-Strontium Method * The unstable parent isotope rubidium-87 forms a stable daughter isotope strontium-87.The half-life of rubidium-87 is 49 billion years * This method is used for rocks older than 10 million years. 4. Carbon-14 Method * used to date charcoal, wood, and other biological materials. * Carbon is normally found in three forms,, the stable isot opes carbon-12 and carbon-13 and the radioactive isotope carbon-14. * Living plants and animals contain a constant ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12. 1. Once a plant or animal dies, no new carbon is taken in. 2. The amount of carbon-14 begins to decrease as the plant or animal decays. 3. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5,730 years.The carbon-14 method of radiometric dating is used mainly for dating things that lived within the last 50,000 years. – Radiocarbon (14C) is a radioactive form of the element carbon. It decays spontaneously into nitrogen-14 (14N). Fossils: evidence of past life Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals (also known aszoolites), plants, and other organisms from the remote past. The totality of fossils, both discovered and undiscovered, and their placement in fossiliferous (fossil-containing) rock formations and sedimentary layers (strata) is known as the fossil record. -Fossilization processes proceed differently according to tissue type and e xternal conditions:– 1. Permineralization is a process of fossilization that occurs when an organism is buried. .2. Casts and molds The remaining organism-shaped hole in the rock is called an external mold. If this hole is later filled with other minerals, it is a cast. An endocast or internal mold is formed when sediments or minerals fill the internal cavity of an organism. 3. Authigenic mineralisation This is a special form of cast and mold formation. he organism (or fragment of organism) can act as a nucleus for the precipitation of minerals such as siderite, resulting in a nodule forming around it. 4. Replacement and recrystallization Replacement occurs when the shell, bone or other tissue is replaced with another mineral. A shell is said to be recrystallized when the original skeletal compounds are still present but in a different crystal form, as from aragonite to calcite. 5. Adpression (compression-impression) Compression Fossils, such as those of fossil ferns, are the result of chemical reduction of the complex organic molecules composing the organism's tissues.However, the phytoleim is lost and all that remains is an impression of the organism in the rock-an impression fossil. 6. Carbon films are thin film coatings which consist predominantly of the chemical element carbon. 7. Bioimmuration occurs when a skeletal organism overgrows or otherwise subsumes another organism, preserving the latter, or an impression of it, within the skeleton Palaeontologists rely on stratigraphy to date fossils. Stratigraphy is the science of deciphering the â€Å"layer-cake† that is the sedimentary record.If a fossil is found between two layers whose ages are known, the fossil's age is claimed to lie between the two known ages. Types of Fossils: 1. Index – (also known as guide fossils, indicator fossils or zone fossils) are fossils used to define and identify geologic periods (or faunal stages). 2. Trace – consist mainly of tracks and burrows, but also include coprolites (fossil feces) and marks left by feeding. – are particularly significant because they represent a data source that is not limited to animals with easily-fossilized hard parts, and they reflect animal behaviours.Transitional – is any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group. This is especially important where the descendant group is sharply differentiated by gross anatomy and mode of living from the ancestral group. 4. Microfossils a descriptive term applied to fossilized plants and animals whose size is just at or below the level at which the fossil can be analyzed by the naked eye. 5. Resin Fossil resin (colloquially called amber) is a natural polymer found in many types of strata throughout the world, even the Arctic.Derived A derived, reworked or remanià © fossil is a fossil found in rock made significantly later than when the fossilized animal or plant died : it happens when a hard fossil is freed from a soft rock formation by erosion and redeposited in a currently forming sedimentary deposit. 7. Wood -wood that is preserved in the fossil record. Wood is usually the part of a plant that is best preserved (and most easily found). Fossil wood may or may not be petrified. The fossil wood may be the only part of the plant that has been preserved: therefore such wood may get a special kind of botanical name.

Structure Dependency and Grammar

Structure Dependency and Grammar The linguistic principle that grammatical processes function primarily on structures in sentences, not on single words or sequences of words is termed structure-dependency. Many linguists view structure-dependency as a principle of universal grammar. The Structure Of Language The principle of structure-dependency compels all languages to move parts of the sentence around in accordance with its structure rather than just the sheer order of words. . . .Structure-dependency could not be acquired by children from hearing sentences of the language; rather, it imposes itself on whatever language they encounter, just as in a sense the pitch range of the human ear restricts the sounds we can hear. Children do not have to learn these principles but apply them to any language they hear. (Michael Byram, Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning. Routledge, 2000)All speakers of English know structure-dependency without having given it a moments thought; they automatically reject *Is Sam is the the cat that black? even if they have never encountered its like before. How do they have this instant response? They would accept many sentences that they have never previously encountered, so it is not just that they have never heard it before. Nor is structure -dependency transparent from the normal language they have encounteredonly by concocting sentences that deliberately breach it can linguists show its very existence. Structure-dependency is, then, a principle of language knowledge built-in to the human mind. It becomes part of any language that is learned, not just of English. Principles and parameters theory claims that an important component of the speakers knowledge of any language such as English is made up of a handful of general language principles such as structure-dependency. (Vivian Cook, Universal Grammar and the Learning and Teaching of Second Languages. Perspectives On Pedagogical Grammar, ed. by Terence Odlin. Cambridge University Press, 1994) Interrogative Structures ​One example of a universal principle is structure-dependency. When a child learns interrogative sentences, it learns to place the finite verb in sentence initial position: (9a.) The doll is pretty(9b.) Is the doll pretty?(10a.) The doll is gone(10b.) Is the doll gone? If children lacked insight into structure-dependency, it should follow that they make errors such as (11b), since they would not know that the doll is pretty is the sentence to be put in the interrogative form: (11a.) The doll that is gone, is pretty.(11b.) *Is the doll that (0) gone, is pretty?(11c.) Is the doll that is gone (0) pretty? But children do not seem to produce incorrect sentences such as (11b), and nativist linguists therefore conclude that insight into structure-dependency must be innate. (Josine A. Lalleman, The State of the Art in Second Language Acquisition Research. Investigating Second Language Acquisition, ed. by Peter Jordens and Josine Lalleman. Mouton de Gruyter, 1996) The Genitive Construction ​The genitive construction in English can . . . help us illustrate the concept of structure- dependency. In (8) we see how the genitive attaches to the noun student: (8) The students essay is very good. If we construct a longer noun phrase, the genitive s will come at the very end, or edge, of the NP, independently of the category of the word: (9) [That young student from Germany]s essay is very good.(10) [The student you were talking to]s essay is very good. The rule that determines the genitives construction is based on the Noun Phrase: s is attached to the edge of the NP. (Mireia Llins et al., Basic Concepts for the Analysis of English Sentences. Universitat Autà ²noma de Barcelona, 2008) Also Known As: syntactic structure-dependency